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Sunday, January 2, 2011
Sunday, August 29, 2010
Sunday, July 4, 2010
CAT 40 TOOL HOLDERS
The spindle assembly of Cat 40 tool holders is one of the weakest parts in the machine tool and which contributes to chatter vibration. These unwanted vibrations lead to poor surface finish and can also damage the tool, the tool holder, and the spindle bearings.
The tool holder spindle interface is the connection closest to the cutting operation and so its dynamics can affect the stability of the cutting process and ultimately the dimensional accuracy of the work piece.
Recent trends in manufacturing has been to machine monolithic parts from bars, blocks or billets. This practice greatly reduces assembly costs and the stress concentration effects of bolting and connecting parts.
With the advent of high speed machining of monolithic parts and removing as much material as possible in the shortest time. However, operating the machine at high spindle speeds and large depths of cut without chatter vibrations has been the challenge faced by the machine tool industry.
The tool holder spindle interface is the connection closest to the cutting operation and so its dynamics can affect the stability of the cutting process and ultimately the dimensional accuracy of the work piece.
Recent trends in manufacturing has been to machine monolithic parts from bars, blocks or billets. This practice greatly reduces assembly costs and the stress concentration effects of bolting and connecting parts.
With the advent of high speed machining of monolithic parts and removing as much material as possible in the shortest time. However, operating the machine at high spindle speeds and large depths of cut without chatter vibrations has been the challenge faced by the machine tool industry.
Sunday, November 1, 2009
The Breton Language 2
Today, despite the political centralization of France and the important influence of the media, Breton is still spoken as an everyday language by about 200,000 people. This is, however, down from 1.3 million in 1930. At the beginning of the 20th century, half the population of Lower Brittany knew only Breton, the other half being bilingual. By 1950, there were only 100,000 monolingual Bretons, with even fewer nowadays. A statistical survey performed in 1997 found around 300,000 speakers in Breizh izel, of which about 190,000 were aged 60 or over. Few of those of the 15-19 year-old age-group spoke Breton. Breton is now considered to be an endangered language.
In 1925, thanks to Professor Roparz Hemon, the first issue appeared of the review Gwalarn. During its 19-year run, Gwalarn tried to raise the language to the level of other great “international” languages by creating original works covering all genres and by proposing Breton translations of internationally-recognized foreign works.
In 1946, Al Liamm replaced Gwalarn. Other periodicals appeared and began to give Breton a fairly large body of literature for a minority language.
In 1977, Diwan schools were founded to teach Breton by immersion. They taught a few thousand young people from elementary school to high school. See the education section for more information.
The Asterix comic series has been translated into Breton. This is notable because, according to the comic, the Gaulish village where Asterix lives is in the Armoric peninsula, which is now Brittany. Some other comics have also been translated into Breton, including Tintin, Spirou, Titeuf, Hägar the Horrible, Peanuts and Yakari.
Some movies (Lancelot, Shakespeare in Love, Marion du Faouet, Sezneg) and TV series (Columbo, Perry Mason) are also broadcast in Breton.
Some poets, linguists, and writers who have written in Breton, for example Yann-Ber Kalloc'h, Roparz Hemon, Anjela Duval, Pêr-Jakez Helias and Youenn Gwernig, are now known internationally.
In 1925, thanks to Professor Roparz Hemon, the first issue appeared of the review Gwalarn. During its 19-year run, Gwalarn tried to raise the language to the level of other great “international” languages by creating original works covering all genres and by proposing Breton translations of internationally-recognized foreign works.
In 1946, Al Liamm replaced Gwalarn. Other periodicals appeared and began to give Breton a fairly large body of literature for a minority language.
In 1977, Diwan schools were founded to teach Breton by immersion. They taught a few thousand young people from elementary school to high school. See the education section for more information.
The Asterix comic series has been translated into Breton. This is notable because, according to the comic, the Gaulish village where Asterix lives is in the Armoric peninsula, which is now Brittany. Some other comics have also been translated into Breton, including Tintin, Spirou, Titeuf, Hägar the Horrible, Peanuts and Yakari.
Some movies (Lancelot, Shakespeare in Love, Marion du Faouet, Sezneg) and TV series (Columbo, Perry Mason) are also broadcast in Breton.
Some poets, linguists, and writers who have written in Breton, for example Yann-Ber Kalloc'h, Roparz Hemon, Anjela Duval, Pêr-Jakez Helias and Youenn Gwernig, are now known internationally.
The Breton Language
Breton is a Brythonic language, descended from the Celtic British language brought from Great Britain to Armorica by migrating Britons during the Early Middle Ages. Like the other Brythonic languages, Welsh and Cornish, it is classified as an Insular Celtic language. Breton is most closely related to Cornish, as both are thought to have evolved from a Southwestern Brythonic protolanguage. The other regional language of Brittany, Gallo, is a Langue d'oïl derived from Latin.
Breton is spoken in Lower Brittany, roughly to the west of a line linking Plouha and La Roche-Bernard (east of Vannes). It comes from a Celtic language community between Great Britain and Armorica (present-day Brittany), and even Galicia. It was the language of the elite until the 12th century. However, afterwards it was only the language of the people of West Brittany (Breizh Izel), and the nobility, then successively the bourgeoisie, adopted French. As a written language, the Duchy of Brittany used Latin, switching to French in the 15th century. There exists a limited tradition of Breton literature. Old Breton has left some vocabulary which has served in the present day to produce philosophical and scientific terms in Modern Breton.
The French Monarchy did not concern itself with the minority languages of France. The revolutionary period saw the introduction of policies favouring French over the regional languages, pejoratively referred to as patois. It was assumed by the revolutionaries that reactionary and monarchist forces preferred regional languages in an attempt to keep the peasant masses under-informed. Under the Third, Fourth and Fifth republics, humiliating practices geared towards stamping out Breton language and culture prevailed in state schools until the late 1960s.
Breton is spoken in Lower Brittany, roughly to the west of a line linking Plouha and La Roche-Bernard (east of Vannes). It comes from a Celtic language community between Great Britain and Armorica (present-day Brittany), and even Galicia. It was the language of the elite until the 12th century. However, afterwards it was only the language of the people of West Brittany (Breizh Izel), and the nobility, then successively the bourgeoisie, adopted French. As a written language, the Duchy of Brittany used Latin, switching to French in the 15th century. There exists a limited tradition of Breton literature. Old Breton has left some vocabulary which has served in the present day to produce philosophical and scientific terms in Modern Breton.
The French Monarchy did not concern itself with the minority languages of France. The revolutionary period saw the introduction of policies favouring French over the regional languages, pejoratively referred to as patois. It was assumed by the revolutionaries that reactionary and monarchist forces preferred regional languages in an attempt to keep the peasant masses under-informed. Under the Third, Fourth and Fifth republics, humiliating practices geared towards stamping out Breton language and culture prevailed in state schools until the late 1960s.
Saturday, July 4, 2009
Holiday Cottage Brittany France
Our holiday cottage in Brittany France offers superb self catering accommodation in a quiet and restful location. Close to both the channel and Atlantic coasts the location is ideal for walking in the forests, exploring Brittany or having a restful day on the many beaches.
Sunday, April 12, 2009
A Little more History
The civilization of the megaliths
The very first traces of human presence on armorican ground date back to the Paleolithic age, but it's the Neolithic that is considered the golden age of the megalith civilization from 5000 to 2000 B.C. Older than the Egyptian pyramids, dolmens are probably collective burial places. There are still great mysteries about this period of Brittany's history that archeologists are trying to see through.
The Roman conquest
From the VIIIth century on, the celts, coming from the Central European plains, settle down in the region. The Armorican peninsula is composed by five cities probably dominated by the Veneti. From 58 to 52, Caesar conquers Gaul. The Veneti fleet is struck down in 56. From 52 on, the Gallo-Roman civilization is set up.
The great invasions
The Roman domination sets up until the Germanic invasions in the Vth century. Between the IVth and the VIth century, breton populations settle down in Armoric, that then becomes the small Brittany. The Bretons adopt an original social organization based on parishes, the “plou”, “plé” or “plu” followed by a common noun or a proper noun. Monasteries are created, the “lan” (like Lannion). Nouns ending on “ac” name those villages that were already lived-in when the Bretons arrived, but that have been subject to their influence.
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